Настоящий обзор рассматривает влияние, которое технологии получения хитозана и его подготовки к применению в биомедицинских исследованиях оказывают на его физико-химические и биологические свойства. Описаны основные подходы к получению хитозана из природного сырья, а также основные и эмержентные источники хитина. Подчёркнуты неодинаковые свойства хитина, содержащегося в различных источниках, и описаны теоретические основы, связывающие данные свойства со свойствами получаемого хитозана. Также в данной работе рассмотрены экспериментально подтверждённые различия в физико-химических свойствах хитозана, выделенного из различных источников. Помимо этого представлена совокупность имеющихся данных, характеризующих токсичность и биосовместимость хитозана в качестве материала для применения в регенеративной медицине и тканевой инженерии. Отдельно описана существенная проблема характеризации образцов хитозана с различным происхождением и различной молекулярной массой, которая может быть причиной низкой воспроизводимости результатов исследований хитозана. Невозможность точного определения молекулярной массы хитозана без экспериментального её измерения взаимно связана с зачастую недостаточной ясностью источника его происхождения. Подобная запутанность может стать непреодолимым препятствием на пути создания стандартизованных продуктов и медицинских изделий на основе хитозана.
Present review considers the influence that technologies of the chitosan procurement and its preparation to use in a biomedical research have over its physico-chemical and biological properties. Main approaches to chitosan preparation from the natural sources, as well as primary and emergent sources of chitin are described. Unequal properties of the chitin contained in different sources are emphasized and theoretical basis linking said properties to the properties of a prepared chitosan is described. Experimentally confirmed differences in physico-chemical properties of a chitosan prepared from the different sources are also reviewed in this work. Besides this, the sum of existing data characterizing toxicity and biocompatibility of the chitosan as material for the use in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Separately is described the substantial problem of the characterization of the chitosan samples of different origin and with different molecular mass. The inability to precisely determine molecular mass of chitosan without experimental measurement of it is mutually linked to the inadequate clarity of its source. Such complexity may become an insurmountable obstacle on the way to creating standardized chitosan-based products and medical devices.
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