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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Журнал Научное обозрение. Биологические науки</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn>2500-3399</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Издательский Дом "Академия Естествознания"</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17513/srbs.1357</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ART-1357</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЕ, ГЕНЕТИКА И ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ ГЕНОМА СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ КУР</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Мельников</surname>
              <given-names>Николай Петрович</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Melnikov</surname>
              <given-names>N.P.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>melnikov.np@aeg-lab.kz</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="afff1f4fb70"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Багыбаева</surname>
              <given-names>Айганай Маратовна</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Bagybaeva</surname>
              <given-names>A.M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>bagybaevaa@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="afff1f4fb70"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Исагулов</surname>
              <given-names>Тимур Еликович</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Isagulov</surname>
              <given-names>T.E.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>timur@aeg-lab.kz</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="afff1f4fb70"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Мельникова</surname>
              <given-names>Татьяна Владимировна</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Melnikova</surname>
              <given-names>T.V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>melnikova.tv@aeg-lab.kz</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="afff1f4fb70"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Джарбанова</surname>
              <given-names>Айгерим Дауренбековна</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Dzharbanova</surname>
              <given-names>A.D.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>aika@aeg-lab.kz</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="afff1f4fb70"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Булах</surname>
              <given-names>Анастасия Владимировна</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Bulakh</surname>
              <given-names>A.V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>anastasiya31_85@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff133d12c9"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Безрукова</surname>
              <given-names>Анастасия Николаевна</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Bezrukova</surname>
              <given-names>A.N.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>nastya-bolezina@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="afff1f4fb70"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Мусина</surname>
              <given-names>Галия Шайхислямовна</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Musina</surname>
              <given-names>G.S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>galiyamussina@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff59266798"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Джамалова</surname>
              <given-names>Гуля Абаевна</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Dzhamalova</surname>
              <given-names>G.A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>g.jamalova@aeg-lab.kz</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="afff1f4fb70"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="afff1f4fb70">
        <institution xml:lang="ru">ТОО «Научно-диагностический центр Анимал Эксперт Груп»</institution>
        <institution xml:lang="en">LLP "Scientific and Diagnostic Center "Animal Expert Group"</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff133d12c9">
        <institution xml:lang="ru">ТОО «ЮниВет Дистрибьюшн»</institution>
        <institution xml:lang="en">LLP «UniVet Distribution»</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff59266798">
        <institution xml:lang="ru">ТОО «Научно-производственный центр ЮниВет»</institution>
        <institution xml:lang="en">LLP " Scientific and Production Center UniVet"</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-01-22">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>71</fpage>
      <lpage>78</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri content-type="url" hreflang="ru">https://science-biology.ru/ru/article/view?id=1357</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru" lang-variant="original" lang-source="author">
        <p>Аннотация. Увеличение производства продукции куроводства обеспечивается путем усовершенствования генетических качеств кур, улучшения условий их кормления и содержания. Поэтому изучение генетики сельскохозяйственных кур актуально и имеет большое значение. Научное теоретическое исследование направлено на изучение молекулярно-генетического потенциала генома кур. Результаты работы показали, что вопрос о происхождении кур на данном этапе все еще остается предметом споров, так как каждая из двух теорий (моно- и полифилетическая) актуальна в научных работах. В статье раскрыты ключевые особенности, характерные для кариотипа и генома кур; проанализированы особенности эволюции генома кур. Кариотип кур существенно отличается от кариотипов млекопитающих и содержит хромосомы, называемые макро- и микрохромосомами, которые заметно различаются по размерам. Гаплоидное содержание генетического аппарата в геноме кур равно 1,2 × 109 пар оснований ДНК. Средний размер макрохромосом составляет примерно 130 Мб, микрохромосом, на который приходится 30% генома кур, – 12,5 Мб. Таким образом, геном кур в 3 раза меньше генома млекопитающих за счет существенного уменьшения содержания повторов, псевдогенов и сегментарных дупликаций, а расширение и сокращение мультигенных семейств являются основным фактором независимой эволюции млекопитающих и птиц. Итоги работы могут быть использованы в селекции для повышения общей изменчивости, продуктивности, плодовитости, приспособляемости кур к условиям промышленного содержания, а также для улучшения резистентности. Работа финансировалась ТОО «Научно-производственный центр UniVet» (договор № 01 от 06.03.2023 г.) по программе исследований на базе ТОО «Научно-диагностический центр Animal Expert Group» (номер гос. регистрации 0123РКД0014 от 27.03.2023 г. НЦГНТЭ РК).</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract xml:lang="en" lang-variant="translation" lang-source="translator">
        <p>Annotation. Increase in hen breeding production is provided by improving the genetic qualities of chickens, improving their feeding and housing conditions. Therefore, the study of genetics of agricultural chickens is relevant and of great importance. The essence of scientific theoretical research is aimed at studying the molecular genetic potential of the chicken genome. The results of the work showed that the question of the origin of chickens at this stage is still a matter of debate, since each of the two theories (mono- and polyphyletic) is relevant in scientific papers. The article reveals the key features characteristic of the karyotype and genome of chickens; the peculiarities of chicken genome evolution are analyzed. The karyotype of chickens differs significantly from mammalian karyotypes and contains chromosomes that differ markedly in size and are called macro- and microchromosomes. The haploid content of the genetic apparatus in the chicken genome is 1.2 × 109 DNA base pairs. The average size of macrochromosomes is approximately 130 Mb, while microchromosomes, which account for 30% of the chicken genome, are 12.5 Mb. Thus, the chicken genome is three times smaller than the mammalian genome due to a significant reduction in the content of repeats, pseudogenes and segmental duplications, and the expansion and reduction of multigene families is the main factor in the independent evolution of mammals and birds. Practical significance of the results of the work can be used in breeding to increase their general variability, productivity, fertility, adaptability of chickens to the conditions of industrial housing, as well as to improve resistance. The work was financed by the LLP «Scientific and Production Center UniVet» (agreement No. 01 dated 03/06/2023) under the research program based on the LLP «Scientific and Diagnostic Center “Animal Expert Group”» (state registration number 0123RKD0014 dated 03/27/2023 NСSTE RK).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>Gallus gallus domesticus</kwd>
        <kwd>сельскохозяйственные куры</kwd>
        <kwd>генетика кур</kwd>
        <kwd>кариотип кур</kwd>
        <kwd>происхождение кур</kwd>
        <kwd>молекулярная генетика кур</kwd>
        <kwd>молекулярная эволюция кур</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Gallus gallus domesticus</kwd>
        <kwd>agricultural chickens</kwd>
        <kwd>chicken genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>chicken karyotype</kwd>
        <kwd>origin of chickens</kwd>
        <kwd>molecular genetics of chickens</kwd>
        <kwd>molecular evolution of chickens</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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